本《条例》只包括一九八七年十月十五日前所作的修订。 本条例旨在整理有关售卖货品之法例。

〔1896年8月1日〕

1．简称

本条例定名为售卖货品条例。

2．释义

（1）在本条例内，除按照上下文另具意义者外，下开各词应解释如下——

“诉讼”包括诉讼、反声请及抵销声请；

“业务”包括任何职业以及任何公共部门、政府当局、或市政局、法定机构、委员会或其他经总督或政府批准成立的团体之事务。

“买方”指购买或同意购买货品之人士；

“售卖合约”包括售卖协议及售卖；

“交付”指自愿由一人转归另一人所有；

“货品所有权文件”包括任何提单、码头起货单、仓库管理员之证明书、交货仓单，以及在日常一般运作中用以证明货品所有权或控制权之任何其他文件，或以背签或交货方式授权或据称授权持有人将文件内列明之货品转归他人或收受该等货品之任何其他文件；

“过失”指错误之行为或违约；

“期货”指在订立售卖合约后始由卖方制造或取得之货品；

“货品”包括所有动产，但不包括诉讼标的物及金钱。此外，又包括耕作收获物、工业用之生长中农作物以及附属于某幅土地或构成某幅土地之一部份之物件，而该等物件乃在售卖之前或根据售卖合约同意将之分开者；

“原告”包括提出反声请之被告；

“所有权”指货品之一般所有权，而非单指某一特别财产而言；

“货品品质”包括货品之状态及状况；

“售卖”包括土地之售卖以及出售及交货；

“卖方”指出售或同意出售货品之人士；

“指定货品”指订立售卖合约时所标明及达成协议之货品；

“保证”指与货品有关之协议，而该等货品乃售卖合约之标的，但协议则附属于此合约之主要目标；违反协议之举可引致要求赔偿损失，但不会导致有权拒收货品及视合约为无效。

（2）如某事之做法确属诚实，则无论是否有疏忽之处，此事之做法应视为“出于诚意”。

（3）任何人等如在日常一般运作中停止偿还债项，或债项到期偿还而不能偿还，则无论其是否曾有破产行为以及是否已被宣判破产，均视作无力清偿债务论。

（4）货品如处于买方根据契约必须接受交付之状态，则为处于“可交付之状态”。

（5）无论何种货品，倘其合乎通常购买该种货品之目的，而在考虑该种货品所采用之说明、价格（如属有关）及其他一切有关情况后可合理预期者，则属本条例所指之可销售品质；此外，本条例凡有提及不可销售货品之处，均作如是解释。

第Ⅰ部 合约之构成

售卖合约

3．售卖及协议售卖

（1）售卖货品合约乃卖方将货品所有权转予或协议转予买方以换取金钱代价（称为价钱）之合约。拥有部份所有权之人士可与另一拥有部分所有权之人士订立售卖合约。

（2）售卖合约可属无条件者或有条件者。

（3）倘根据售卖合约，卖方将货品所有权转予买方，该合约即为售卖合约；但倘货品所有权于日后方予转让或在某等条件获得履行后方予转让，则该合约乃属售卖协议。

（4）一俟约定时间届满或协定条件经已履行（货品所有权须于后一情况实现始转让），售卖协议即成为售卖。

4．买与卖之能力

（1）买与卖之能力，受与立约能力以及转让及取得所有权之能力有关之一般法例所管制：

但倘必需品售予或供应予未成年人、或因心智不健全或酗酒以致无能力立约之人士，则该等人士须就该等必需品付出合理之价钱。

（2）在本条内，“必需品”一词指于售卖及供应时，既配合上述未成年人或其他人士之生活状况，又符合其实际需要之货品。

立约手续

5．订立售卖合约之方式

除本条例及任何有关法例另有规定外，合约得以书面（不论盖印与否）或口头订立，或部分以书面而部分则以口头订立，而亦可由有关双方之行为暗示之：

但本条内任何规定，不得影响与有限公司有关之法例。

6．〔已撤销〕

合约标的物

7．现货或期货

（1）售卖合约之标的货品，得为卖方拥有或持有之现货，或为订立该售卖合约后卖方制造或获取之货品，即本条例称之为期货者。

（2）即使卖方获取出售之货品一事乃视乎可能发生或可能不发生之意外事件而定，仍可订立售卖货品之合约。

（3）倘卖方依据售卖合约声称现时将期货出售，该合约即作为售卖货品之协议。

8．腐坏之货品

倘订有售卖指定货品之合约，而该等货品在立约时经已腐坏但卖方并不知情者，该合约即属无效。

9．货品在售卖前但在协议出售后腐坏

倘订有售卖指定货品之协议，而其后该等货品在有关之风险转往买方之前已告腐坏，且卖方或买方并无任何过失者，该协议即变为无效。

价 钱

10．价钱之确定

（1）售卖合约内之价钱，可由合约厘定，或按合约所议定之方式厘定，或由有关双方在买卖过程中订定。

（2）倘价钱并非按照上述规定订定，则买方须付出合理价钱。所谓合理价钱，乃一事实问题，须视乎每一个别事件之情形而定。

11．按估值售货之协议

（1）倘售卖货品协议所订之条件为须按第三者之估值厘定价钱，而该第三者无法或并无作出此项估值，则该协议即变为无效：

但如该等货品或其部分已交付买方并且已由其动用，则买方须为此付出合理之价钱。

（2）倘该第三者因卖方或买方之过失以致未能作出上述估值，无过失之一方可向犯过失之一方进行诉讼，要求付给损害赔偿。

条件及保证

12．时限之规定

（1）除非合约之条件显示不同之意向，否则有关付款时限之规定并不视为售卖合约成立之要素。至于任何其他有关时限之规定是否作为合约成立之要素，则视乎该合约之条件而定。

（2）在售卖合约内，“月”指表面上之历月。

13．须视条件为保证之情形

（1）倘售卖合约规定卖方须履行某项条件，买方可豁免该项条件，或可选择将违反该项条件之举视作违反保证，而非将其作为视该合约为无效之理由。

（2）售卖合约内某项规定是否属于条件或保证，按个别情形视乎合约字句之意义而定；违反条件可导致有权视该合约为无效，而违反保证则可引致要求付给损害赔偿，但非导致有权拒绝收货，并视合约为无效。某项规定在合约内虽称作保证，但可能为一项条件。

（3）倘售卖合约乃属不可分割，而买方已接纳有关之货品或部分货品，则违反卖方所须履行之任何条件一事，只能视作违反保证，而非作为拒绝收货并视该合约为无效之理由，除非此项条件已在合约明言或暗示者，则当别论。

（4）任何条件或保证，如因无可能履行或其他原因以致法律不予追究其无履行一事者，不受本条之任何规定所影响。

14．关于所有权等之暗示承担

（1）除本条第（2）款所适用之售卖合约外，所有售卖合约，均包含——

（ａ）属于卖方方面之一项暗示条件，即就有关之售卖而言，卖方有权出售该等货品，而就售卖协议而言，则卖方在所有权须予转移时，有权将该等货品出售；及

（ｂ）一项暗示保证，即该等货品并无订立合约前未向买方透露或未为买方所知之任何抵押或负担，而直至所有权须予转移时该等货品仍保持无此等抵押或负担；此外，买方将得以和平占有该等货品，而上述之和平占有只可受有权享有如上述所透露或所知之任何抵押或负担之利益之物主或其他人士所骚扰。

（2）倘售卖合约内显示或由合约之情况推断有一项意图，即卖方只可转让其拥有之所有权或第三者拥有之所有权，则售卖合约内包含——

（ａ）一项暗示保证，即卖方已知而买方未知之全部抵押或负担已在订立合约之前向买方透露；及

（ｂ）一项暗示保证，即不论——

（ｉ）卖方；或

（ｉｉ）如属立约双方预算卖方只可转让第三者拥有之所有权之情况，该第三者；或

（ｉｉｉ）除根据于订立合约前已向买方透露或为买方所知之抵押或负担所提出之声请之人士外，经由或代表卖方或该第三者提出声请之任何人士，

均不得骚扰买方和平占有该等货品。

15．凭说明售货

（1）凡属凭说明售卖货品之合约，即具一项暗示条件谓该等货品应与有关之说明相符；而倘除凭说明外，同时又凭样本售货，则即使该等货品中大部份与该样本相符，但如该等货品又非与该说明相符者仍属有所不足。

（2）货品之售卖，不得仅因货品曾展示供出售或租赁而买方已据此选取一事以致不成为凭说明售货。

16．关于品质或适宜性之暗示承担

（1）除本条及第17条所规定者外，以及除任何其他法例另有规定外，关于根据售卖合约供应之货品之品质或是否适宜作某一特别用途之事，并无暗示之条件或保证。

（2）凡卖方于经营业务中售卖货品者，即具一暗示条件谓根据合约供应之货品乃属可销售之品质，但并不具有关于下述事项之条件——

（ａ）合约立约前特别提请买方注意之缺点；或

（ｂ）立约前如买方已检验有关之货品，是次验货所应显现之缺点。

（3）倘卖方于经营业务中售卖货品，而买方以明确或暗示之形式使卖方知悉其正购入之货品乃供某一特别用途者，即具一暗示条件谓根据合约供应之货品乃合理地适宜作上述用途，无论此等货品是否一般均供应作该用途者亦属如此，但如有关情况显示买方并不依赖或有理由不依赖卖方之技巧或判断力者则当别论。

（4）有关品质或是否适合作某一特别用途之暗示条件或保证，可依惯例附加在售卖合约上。

（5）第（1）、第（2）、第（3）及（4）款适用于由一名作为另一人之代理人之人士，于经营业务中所作之售卖，一如其适用于委托人于经营业务中所作之售卖然，但如该另一人在经营业务中并非正进行售卖以及于订立合约之前买方知悉此事实或已采取合理步骤将该事实提请买方注意者则当别论。

（6）在将第（3）款引用于关于买价或部份买价可分期缴付之售卖货品合约时，凡提及卖方之处应包括提及进行任何事先商议之人士论。

（7）在第（6）款内，“事先商议”指与买方所作之任何商议或安排，从而引致买方作出有关之协议或借此促成与该协议有关之交易。

凭样本售货

17．凭样本售货

（1）倘合约内载有凭样本售货之明确或暗示条件者，则售卖合约即为凭样本售货之合约。

（2）就凭样本售货之合约而言——

（ａ）具一暗示条件，即整批货品在品质上应与样本相符；

（ｂ）具一暗示条件，即买方应获合理机会将整批货品与样本互相比较；

（ｃ）具一暗示条件，即有关之货品应无任何缺点足以使其变为不可销售者，而在对该样本进行合理检验时，该缺点并非显而易见。

第Ⅱ部 合约之效用

所有权由卖方转至买方

18．货品须予确定

如属未确定货品之售卖合约，除非及直至货品获得确定，否则货品之所有权并不转与买方。

19．所有权在有意将其移转时移转

（1）如属指定或确定货品之售卖合约，货品所有权乃于立约双方有意将其移转时转与买方。

（2）为确定立约双方之意向起见，应顾及合约之条件、有关双方之行为及该宗买卖之情况。

20．确定意向之规则

除非出现不同之意向，否则应根据下开规则确定有关双方有意将货品所有权转与买方之时间——

规则一 如属售卖在可交付状态之指定货品之无附带条件合约，货品之所有权于立约时即转与买方，而是否展期付款或展期交货或两者是否均予展期等事皆非重要。

规则二 如属指定货品之售卖合约，而卖方为要使货品处于可交付状态而有义务将其加以整理者，则非至上述之整理工作完成以及买方接获有关此事之通知时，货品所有权并无移转。

规则三 如属售卖在可交付状态之指定货品之合约，但卖方为确定货价起见而有义务就该等货品进行量重、量度、试验或作出若干其他行为或事情者，则非至上述之行为或事情完成以及买方接获有关此事之通知时，货品所有权并无移转。

规则四 如货品乃按试验售卖或“无法销售时可予退货”之条件或按其他类似之条件交付与买方者，则货品所有权于下开情况转与买方——

（ａ）当买方向卖方表示同意或接纳该宗交易，或作出承认该宗买卖之任何其他行为时；

（ｂ）如买方并无向卖方表示同意或接纳该宗交易，但保留有关之货品而不给予拒绝收货通知，则在退货期限（如曾订定此期限）届满时，或如未有订定期限，则在一段合理期间届满时。何谓合理期间乃一事实问题。

规则五 （1）倘属凭说明售卖未确定货品或期货之合约，而由卖方在取得买方之同意后，或由买方在取得卖方之同意后，将符合该说明且在可交付状态之货品拨归该合约名下者，则货品所有权即告转与买方。上述之同意可属明言或暗示，并可在货品拨归合约之前或之后作出。

（2）如卖方按照该合约将货品交付与买方，或交付与承运人或其他受托人（无论是否由买方指定）以便传送至买方，且不保留处置货品之权利，则视为已将该等货品无条件拨归该合约论。

21．处置权之保留

（1）如属指定货品之售卖合约，或如货品其后拨归该合约，则卖方得根据该合约或拨归该合约之条件，保留处置该等货品之权利，直至若干条件获得履行时为止。在此种情况下，纵使货品已交付与买方，或已交付与承运人或其他受托人以便传送至买方，货品所有权在卖方所提出之条件获得履行前并未转与买方。

（2）如货品用船装运，而根据提货单所载，货品须按卖方或其代理人之指示交付者，则卖方表面上视为保留处置货品之权利。

（3）如货品之卖方向买方支取货款，并将汇票及提货单一并致送予买方，以期该汇票获得承兑或就该汇票获得付款，而买方并不兑现该汇票者，则买方有义务将该提货单退回；又如买方非法保留提货单，则货品之所有权并不转与买方。

22．表面风险与所有权一并移转

除另有协议者外，在货品所有权转与买方之前，货品之风险仍由卖方承担，但当货品所有权转与买方时，则无论货品是否经已交付，其风险乃由买方承担：

但如由于买方或卖方之过失以致延误交货者，则就如无该种过失即或不致产生任何损失方面而言，货品之风险由犯有过失之一方承担：

又本条之任何规定对卖方或买方作为另一方之货品受托人之责任或义务均无影响。

所有权之移转

23．由非物主所作之售卖

（1）除本条例另有规定外，倘售卖货品之人士并非该等货品之物主，亦非根据物主之授权或在物主之同意下将货品出售者，则除非该等货品之物主因其行为以致无法否定卖方之售卖权，否则无论买方或卖方均不能对该等货品取得妥善之所有权。

（2）此外，本条例之任何规定均不得影响——

（ａ）《代理商条例》（第48章）之规定，或任何准许货品之表面物主有如真正物主者处置货品之法例；或

（ｂ）任何根据特别普通法或法定售卖权力或有管辖权之法院所颁发命令之售卖合约之效力。

24．公开买卖

（1）倘货品在本港之商店或市场于其日常营业中公开出售，则买方在购买该等货品时如系出于诚意，且不知悉卖方对货品之所有权有任何欠妥或欠缺之处者，买方即取得该等货品之有效所有权。

（2）〔已撤销〕

25．凭可失效之所有权所作之售卖

倘货品之卖方对该等货品拥有可失效之所有权，但于售卖时其所有权并未变成无效，则买方在购入该等货品时如系出于诚意，且不知悉卖方之所有权欠妥者，买方即取得该等货品之有效所有权。

26．〔已撤销〕

27．买方或卖方持有已出售之货品或其所有权文件

（1）倘已出售货品之人士继续或仍然拥有该等货品或货品之所有权文件，而该人或代表该人之商务代理人依据该等货品之任何售卖、抵押或其他处置办法将货品交付或移转予任何人士，且收受该等货品或其所有权文件之人士既系出于诚意而又不知悉有关前一次售卖者，则是项交付或移转之效力，应一若作出是项交付或移转之人士已获该等货品之物主明确授权如此交付或移转者然。

（2）倘已购入或协议购入货品之人士在卖方同意下拥有该等货品或货品之所有权文件，而该人或代表该人之商务代理人依据该等货品之任何售卖、抵押或其他处置办法将货品交付或移转予任何人士，且收受该等货品或其所有权文件之人士既系出于诚意而又不知悉原有之卖方对该等货品有留置权或其他权利者，则是项交付或移转之效力，应一若作出是项交付或移转之人士乃获有关之物主同意拥有该等货品或其所有权文件之商务代理人然。

（3）在本条内，“商务代理人”一词之意义与《代理商条例》（第48章）所载者相同。

28．〔已撤销〕

第Ⅲ部 合约之履行

29．买卖双方之责任

买卖双方之责任为按照售卖合约之条件，由卖方交货，而由买方收货及支付货款。

30．付款与交货乃属同时履行之条件

除另有协议外，货品之交付与货价之缴付乃属同时履行之条件，即卖方必须作好准备，并且愿意将货品交予买方拥有，以换取货价，而买方亦须作好准备，愿意缴付货价，以便拥有该等货品。

31．交货之有关规则

（1）货品由买方取货抑或由卖方送交买方须视乎双方明言或暗示之个别合约而定。除有此明言或暗示之合约外，交货地点即为卖方营业地点；如无营业地点，则交货处乃为该人之住所：

但如合约乃属售卖指定货品，而买卖双方在立约之时已知悉该等货品乃存于他处者，则该处即为交货地点。

（2）倘根据售卖合约，卖方有责任将货品送交买方，惟并无订明交货时间，则卖方有责任在合理时间内交货。

（3）货品在售卖时如由第三者持有，除非及直至该人向买方承认其为代表买方持有该等货品者，否则卖方毋须向买方交货：

但本条纵有任何规定，亦不得影响货品所有权文件之签发或转让。

（4）要求交货或送交货品之时间除非为合理时间，否则该项要求可视为无效。何谓合理时间乃一事实问题。

（5）除另有协议外，凡使货品处于可交付状态之开支及附带开支须由卖方负担。

32．交付之货品数量错误

（1）倘卖方交付予买方之货品数量较合约所载者为少，买方可以拒收；但如买方接受该等货品，则须按照合约所列之价钱付款。

（2）倘卖方交付予买方之货品数量较合约所载者为多，买方可以只接受合约上所列之货品而拒收余者，或可拒收全部货品。如买方接受所交付之全部货品，则须按照合约所列之价钱付款。

（3）倘卖方交付予买方之货品中，除合约上所列者外，掺杂有非列于合约上之另一类型货品，则买方可以只接受符合该合约所规定之货品而拒收余者，或可拒收全部货品。

（4）倘买卖双方另有任何商业惯例，或订有任何特别协议或交易程序，则本条之规定并不适用。

33．分期交货

（1）除非买卖双方另有协议，否则货品之买方可拒绝接受分期交货。

（2）倘售卖货品合约上订明采用按订明之期数付货及每期货到付款之办法，而卖方曾在一次或多次之期数中交货欠妥，或买方曾在一次或多次之期数中忽略或拒绝收货或付款，则上述之违约事件是否使整个合约变成无效，或只属局部违约而可导致提出赔偿之要求，而非导致有权将整个合约视作无效，须视乎个别事件之合约条款及有关之情况而定。

34．将货品交予承运人

（1）倘为履行售卖合约之规定，卖方获授权将或须将货品送交买方，则将货品交付予承运人（无论是否由买方指定者）以便运送予买方之举，乃表面上视作将货品交付予买方论。

（2）除非买方另有授权，否则卖方须代买方与运输公司订立一份就货品性质及该交易之其他情况而言乃属合理之合约。倘卖方并无如此行事，而该等货品于运送途中失去或损毁，则买方可拒绝将该等交付予承运人之货品视作交付予其本人，或可要求卖方对损失负责。

（3）除非买卖双方另有协议，否则若卖方送货予买方之途径涉及海运，而有关之海运情况通常乃应投保者，则卖方须给予买方通知，以便买方可为货品于海运途中投保。倘卖方并无如此行事，则该等货品于海运途中之风险得视作由卖方承担。

35．将货品送往远处之风险

即使货品之卖方同意风险由其承担而将货品由出售地点送往另一地点交付，惟除非另有协议，否则买方须承担货品于运送途中可能变坏之任何风险。

36．买方检验货品之权利

（1）倘货品事前未经买方检验已送交买方者，则除非及直至买方具有合理之机会对该等货品加以检验以确定其是否与合约所规定者相符，否则不得视作货品已为买方所接受论。

（2）除非另有协议，否则当卖方将货品交付予买方时，必须徇买方所请，给予买方合理之机会对货品加以检验，以确定货品是否与合约所规定者相符。

37．货品之接受

在下开情况下，货品可视作已为买方所接受——买方通知卖方已接受该等货品；买方对付来之货品做出某种行为以致卖方拥有该等货品之权利受损（第36条另有规定者除外）；或于一段合理期间届满后，买方仍保留该等货品而无向卖方作出有关拒绝收货之通知。

38．买方无义务将拒收之货品送回

倘买方拒绝接受向其交付之货品而此举乃属行使其权利者，则除另有协议外，买方并无义务将该等货品送还卖方，只须向卖方作出有关拒绝收货之通知即可。

39．买方若忽略或拒绝收货须负责任

倘卖方已作好一切交货之准备并要求买方收货，而买方于接获收货之要求后一段合理之时间内并未执行收货，则因买方忽略或拒绝收货而对卖方造成之任何损失，须由买方负责，且如卖方曾替其保管该等货品者，则须向卖方付出合理之费用：

但如买方之忽略或拒绝收货行为相等于将有关之合约变成无效者，则本条之任何规定均不影响卖方之权利。

第Ⅳ部 未收货款之卖方对于货品之权利

40．未收货款卖方之定义

（1）就本条例之意义而言，倘——

（ａ）货款仍未全部付清或偿还；

（ｂ）于收到汇票或其他流通证券作为条件性付款后，有关之条件因该证券未能兑现或因其他原因而未能履行，

则货品之卖方得被视为未收货款之卖方。

（2）在本部内，“卖方”包括任何处于卖方地位之人士，如提货单背书之卖方之代理人，或已自行付清货款或直接对货款负责之托运人或代理人。

41．未收货款卖方之权利

除本条例及任何有关之法例另有规定外，纵使货品之所有权可能已转予买方，但根据法律之含义，未收货款之卖方——

（ａ）拥有货品之留置权，或于占有货品期间有权因等候清缴货款而将货品保留；

（ｂ）在买方无力清偿债务之情况下，虽然已再不占有货品，仍有权截留在运送途中之货品；

（ｃ）在受本条例之限制约束下，有权将货品转售。

42．不将货品交付

倘货品仍未转予买家，则未收货款之卖方除本身之其他补救方法外，又有权不将货品交付；此权利类似货品之所有权已转予买方时，卖方之留置权及将运送途中之货品截留之权利，并且与该等权利具有同等之范围。

未收货款卖方之留置权

43．未收货款卖方之留置权

（1）除本条例另有规定外，仍占有货品之未收货款卖方在下开情形下有权保留货品，直至有关之货款付清或偿还为止——

（ａ）货品售卖时无任何关于信贷之规定；

（ｂ）货品以信贷方式售卖，但信贷期限业已届满失效；

（ｃ）买方无力清偿债务。

（2）卖方纵使以买方之代理人或受托人身份占有货品，仍可行使留置权。

44．货品之部分交付

倘未收货款之卖方已将部分货品交付，则仍可对余下之货品行使留置权或保留之权利，除非将该部分货品交付之情况足以显示有免除留置权或保留权利之协议者又当别论。

45．终止留置权

（1）未收货款之卖方在下开情况即失去有关之留置权或保留之权利——

（ａ）未收货款之卖方于交付货品予承运人或其他受托人以便运送予买方时，并无保留其处置该等货品之权利；

（ｂ）买方或其代理人在合法情形下占有该等货品；

（ｃ）放弃此等权利。

（2）未收货款之货品卖方在拥有货品之留置权或保留权之情况下，不会纯粹因获得判定给予货品价钱之裁决而丧失此等权利。

运送途中之截留权

46．运送途中予以截留之权利

除本条例另有规定外，当货品之买方无力清偿债务时，未收货款之卖方虽已不再占有货品，但仍有权截留在运送途中之货品，此即表示该等货品如尚在运送途中者，卖方即可恢复占有货品，并可将其保留，直至获得付清或偿还有关之价钱为止。

47．运送途中之期间

（1）自货品以海路或陆路交付予承运人或其他受托人以便运送予买方之时开始，直至买方或代表买方之代理人从承运人或其他受托人方面取得货品时为止。得视为货品在运送途中之期间。

（2）如买方或代表买方之代理人于货品到达指定目的地前已提取货品，则货品之运送过程即已告终。

（3）货品到达指定之目的地后，如承运人或其他受托人向买方或其代理人承认替其保管该等货品，并以买家或其代理人之受托人身份，继续占有该等货品者，则货品之运送过程即已告终，而即使买方可能已为该等货品指示另一目的地亦无关重要。

（4）倘买方拒绝接收货品，而承运人或其他受托人仍然继续拥有该等货品，则即使卖方拒绝收回该等货品，运送过程亦不视作告终。

（5）当货品交付由买家包租之船只时，该船之船长乃以承运人身份或以买方之代理人身份拥有该等货品一事，须视乎个别事件之有关情况而定。

（6）倘承运人或其他受托人非法拒绝将货品交付买方或代表买方之代理人，运送过程可视作告终。

（7）倘部份货品已交付买方或买方之代理人，余下之货品在运送途中可予截留，除非将该部份货品交付之情况足以显示有协议放弃全部货品之拥有权者又当别论。

48．货品在运送途中予以截留之方法

（1）未收货款之卖方可实际占有货品或向承运人或占有货品之其他受托人发出通知，以便行使其对在运送途中之货品之截留权。该通知书可发给实际占有该等货品之人士或其委托人。倘通知书乃发予委托人者，则为使其生效起见，该通知书须在合理之时间及情形下发出，以便该委托人在作出合理程度之努力后，得以通知其仆役或代理人，及时制止将货品交付予买方。

（2）卖方向承运人或拥有货品之其他受托人发出有关截留运送途中之货品之通知书后，该承运人或受托人必须将货品送返卖方或依照其指示另行交付，而此举之费用须由卖方负担。

买方或卖方之转售

49．买方已作转售或抵押之效果

除本条例另有规定外，未收货款之卖方之留置权或保留权或运送途中之截留权，不受任何售卖或买方对有关之货品可能已作出之其他处置办法所影响，除非卖方对此已表示同意者，则又当别论：

但如货品之所有权文件已合法转予某一人士作为买方或货品物主，而该人另行将文件转予具诚意并以有值代价取得该文件之人士，又如该最后提及之转让乃以售卖方式进行者，则未收货款之卖方之留置权或保留权或运送途中之截留权即属无效，但如该最后提及之转让乃以抵押或以其他处置办法换取价值之方式进行，则未收货款之卖方之留置权或保留权或运送途中之截留权只能在受承让人之权利所约束下行使。

50．留置权或运送途中之截留权一般不致使售卖撤销

（1）除本条另有规定外，售卖合约不会只因未收货款之卖方行使其留置权或保留权或运送途中之截留权而予以撤销。

（2）倘已行使留置权或保留权或运送途中之截留权之未收货款之卖方将货品转售，则与原本之买方相对之下，新买方取得有效之货品所有权。

（3）如货品乃属易坏性质，又或未收货款之卖方通知买方其有意将该等货品转售，而买方并无在合理时间内付清或清偿价钱者，则未收货款之卖方可将货品转售，并且就原本之买方违约之举所造成之任何损失向该买方追讨赔偿。

（4）倘卖方为提防买方违约而明确保留转售之权利，并且于买方违约后将货品转售，则原本之售卖合约即告撤销，但仍不妨碍卖方所可能提出有关损害赔偿之任何要求。

第Ⅴ部 违反合约之诉讼

卖方可得之补偿

51．为货款提出诉讼

（1）倘货品之所有权根据售卖合约经已转予买方，而买方错误地忽略或拒绝依照合约之条款就该等货品付款者，则卖方可就货品之价钱控告买方。

（2）倘根据售卖合约，不论交货与否，货款须在某一日缴付，而买方错误地忽略或拒绝缴付上述货款者，则卖方可就该货款提出诉讼，虽然货品之所有权尚未移转且货品仍未拨归该合约亦复如是。

52．有关不收货之损害赔偿

（1）倘买方错误地忽略或拒绝收货并拒绝就该等货品付款，卖方可就不收货一事控告买方，要求付给损害赔偿。

（2）损害赔偿额，乃按买方违反合约在一般情况下直接及自然引起之估计损失而决定。

（3）倘所涉及之货品具有销路，则损害赔偿额表面上乃按合约价与应收货之时该等货品之市价或时价两者之差额加以确定；如无订定收货日期，则按忽略或拒绝收货之时计算。

买方可得之补偿

53．有关不交货之损害赔偿

（1）倘卖方错误地忽略或拒绝将货品交付予买方，买方可就不交货一事控告卖方，要求付给损害赔偿。

（2）损害赔偿额，乃按卖方违反合约在一般情况下直接及自然引起之估计损失而决定。

（3）倘所涉及之货品具有销路，则损害赔偿额表面上乃按合约价与应送货之时该等货品之市价或时价两者之差额加以确定；如无订定送货日期，则按忽略或拒绝送货之时计算。

54．强制履行

在任何一宗因违背交付指定或确定货品之合约所引致之诉讼内，如原告提出申请，而法院认为适当者，则法院可判令合约须予强制履行，而不给予被告选择付出损害赔偿后得以保留货品。该项判决可以不附带条件，或附有有关损害赔偿、支付货款及其他法院认为公正之条件。原告可于法院作出判决前任何时间提出该项申请。

55．违背保证之补偿

（1）如卖方违背保证，或如买方选择或被迫将卖方违背一项条件视为违背保证，买方无权仅以该种违背保证行为为理由拒收货品；但买方可——

（ａ）因卖方违背保证而提出减少或不付货款之要求；或

（ｂ）对卖方提出诉讼，就违背保证之事要求付给损害赔偿。

（2）违背保证之损害赔偿额，乃按违背保证在一般情况下直接或自然导致之估计损失而决定。

（3）如违背品质保证，该种损失表面上相当于交货予买方时货品之价值与货品如符合保证时之价值两者之差额。

（4）买方因卖方违背保证而提出减少或不付货款要求一事，并不阻止买方因同一违背保证事件蒙受进一步损失时提出诉讼。

56．利息及特别损害赔偿

本条例之规定，并不影响买方或卖方追讨利息或特别损害赔偿（如根据法律规定系可追讨利息或特别损害赔偿者），或追讨已缴付之款项（如付款之考虑因素已不存在）。

第Ⅵ部 补充规定

57．排除暗示之条件

（1）除《管制免责条款条例》（第71章）另有规定外，根据买卖货品合约，依照法律之含义而产生的任何权利、义务或责任均可根据明订的协议、或买卖双方的交易程序、或惯例（如该惯例就上述合约而言对双方具有约束力）予以否决或更改。

（2）明订之条件或保证除非与本条例所暗示之条件或保证互相矛盾，否则对该暗示之条件或保证不予否定。

（3）至（11）〔已撤销〕

57Ａ．〔已撤销〕

58．合理时间为一事实问题

凡本条例内提及合理时间之处，则何谓合理之时间乃一事实问题。

59．可凭诉讼执行之权利等

凡本条例内声明之任何权利、义务或责任，均可凭诉讼予以执行，惟本条例另有规定者则除外。

60．拍卖出售

在一次拍卖中——

（ａ）凡货品系以分为拍卖项目之形式出售，则每一拍卖项目均表面上视作一独立售卖合约之物品；

（ｂ）当拍卖人挥动锤子或以其他惯常之方式宣布拍卖完毕，该次拍卖即告完竣。于是项宣布前，任何投标人均可撤回其投标；

（ｃ）凡无公布接受代表卖方所作投标之拍卖，倘卖方于是次出售中亲自或雇用任何人士投标，或拍卖人明知而仍接受卖方或上述任何人士之投标者，即属非法。任何违反本规则之出售，均可被买方视作欺诈；

（ｄ）拍卖可公布已订定最低价或底价，以及卖方或其代表可明确保留其投标之权利。

61．投标权利之保留

凡投标之权利系已明确但非以其他方式保留者，则卖方或任何代表卖方之人士均可在拍卖中投标。

62．保留条文

（1）纵使本条例有任何规定，有关售卖合约之破产法规继续对该等合约适用。

（2）包括商人法之习惯法法规，除非其与本条例之明文规定有所矛盾，以及尤以与委托人及代理人法规有关、及与诈骗、失实陈述、胁迫或强迫、错误或其他可导致无效之原因有关之法规，均继续对售卖货品合约适用。

（3）本条例或其所作之任何撤销，均不影响与动产抵押契据有关之法例或任何与售卖货品有关而非由本条例明文撤销之法例。

（4）本条例有关售卖合约之规定，对任何本意以按揭、保证、抵押或其他担保方法进行之售卖合约形式之交易均不适用。

（5）〔已撤销〕

（6）1977年售卖货品（修订）条例对本条例所作之修订，对本条例所适用并于上述条例开始实施日期之前已订立之合约，并不适用；此外，所有该等合约均继续受1977年售卖货品（修订）条例开始实施日期之前施行之本条例之规定所管制。

SALE OF GOODS ORDINANCE

(CHAPTER 26)

ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS

Section1. Short title2. InterpretationPART I FORMATION OF THE CONTRACTContract of sale3. Sale and agreement to sell4. Capacity to buy and sellFormalities of Contract5. Mode of making contract of sale6. (Repealed)Subject-matter of contract7. Existing or future goods8. Goods which have perished9. Goods perishing before sale but after agreement to sell Price10. Ascertainment of price11. Agreement to sell at valuationConditions and warranties12. Stipulations as to time13. When condition to be treated as warranty14. Implied undertaking as to title, etc.15. Sale by description16. Implied undertakings asto quality of fitnessSale by sample17. Sale by samplePART II EFFECTS OF THE CONTRACTTransfer of Property as between seller and buyer18. Goods must be ascertained19. Property passes when intended to pass20. Rules for ascertaining intention21. Reservation of right of disposal22. Risk prima facie passes with propertyTransfer of title23. Sale by person not owner24. Market overt25. Sale under voidable title26. (Repealed)27. Seller or buyer in possession after sale28. (Repealed)PART III PERFORMANCE OF THE CONTRACT29. Duties of seller and buyer30. Payment and delivery are concurrent conditions31. Rules as to delivery32. Delivery of wrong quantity33. Delivery by instalments34. Delivery to carrier35. Risk where goods are delivered at distant place36. Buyer's right of examining goods37. Acceptance of goods38. Buyer not bound to return rejected goods39. Liability of buyer for neglecting or refusing to take delivery of

goods PART IV RIGHTS OF UNPAID SELLER AGAINST THE GOODS40. Definition of unpaid seller41. Unpaid seller's rights42. Withholding deliveryUnpaid seller's lien43. Unpaid seller's lien44. Part delivery45. Termination of lienStoppage in transitu46. Right of stoppage in transitu47. Duration of transit48.How stoppage in transitu is effected Resale by buyer or seller49. Effect of sub-sale or pledge by buyer50. Sale not generally rescinded by lien or stoppage in transituPART V ACTIONS FOR BREACH OF THE CONTRACTRemedies of seller51. Action for price52. Damages for non-acceptance Remedies of buyer53. Damages for non-delivery54. Specific performance55. Remedies for breach of warranty56. Interest and special damagesPART VI SUPPLEMENTARY57. Exclusion of implied terms and conditions 57A.(Repealed)58. Reasonable time a question of fact59. Right, etc., enforceable by action60. Auction sale61. Reservation of rightto bid62. Saving

Whole document:

To codify the law relating to the sale of goods.[cf. 1893 c. 71 U. K.] August 1896]1. Short titleThis Ordinance may be cited as the Sale of Goods Ordinance.(Amended 5 of 1924 s. 6)2. Interpretation(1) In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--"action" includes suit, counterclaim, and setoff;"business" includes a profession and the activates of a public body, apublic authority, or a board, commission, committee or other bodyappointed by the Governor or Government; (Added 58 of 1977 s. 2. Amended59 of 1989 s. 20)"buyer" means a person who buys or agrees to buygoods;"contract of sale" includes an agreement to sell as well as a sale;"delivery" means voluntary transfer of possession from one person toanother; "document of title to goods" includes any bill of lading, dockwarrant, warehouse keeper's certificate, and warrant or order for thedelivery of goods, and any other document used in the ordinary course ofbusiness as proof of the possession or control of goods, or authorizing orpurporting to quthorize, either by indorsement or by delivery, thepossessor of the document to transfer or receive goods therebyrepresented;"fault" means wrongful act or default;"future goods" means goods to be manufactured or acquired by the sellerafter the making of the contract of sale;"goods" includes all chattels personal other than things in action andmoney. The term includes emblements, industrial growing crops, and thingsattached to or forming part of the land which are agreed to be severedbefore sale or under the contract of sale;"plaintiff" includes a defendant counterclaiming;"property" means the general property in goods, and not merely a specialproperty; "quality of goods" includes their state or condition;"sale" includes a bargain and sale as well as a sale and delivery;"seller" means a person who sells or agrees to sell goods;"specific goods" means goods identified and agreed upon at the time acontract of sale is made;"warranty" means an agreement with reference to goods which are thesubject of a contract of sale, but collateral to the main purpose of suchcontract, the breach of which gives rise to a claim for damages, but notto a right to reject the goods andtreat the contract as repudiated.(2) A thing is deemed to be done "in good faith" when it is in fact donehonestly, whether it is done negligently or not. (Amended 8 of 1912 s. 47)(3) A person is deemed to be insolvent who either has ceased to pay hisdebts in the ordinary course of business or cannotpay his debts as theybecome due, whether he has committed an act of bankruptcy or not andwhether he has been adjudged bankrupt or not. (Amended8 of 1912 s. 47)(4) Goods are in a "deliverable state" when they are in such a state thatthe buyer would, under the contract, be bound to take deliveryof them.(Amended 8 of 1912 s. 47)(5) Goods of any kind are of merchantable quality within the meaning ofthis Ordinance of they are as fit for the purpose or purposes for whichgoods of that kind are commonly bought as it is reasonable to expecthaving regard to any description applied to them, the price (if relevant)and all the other relevant circumstances; and any reference in thisOrdinance to unmerchantable goods shall be construed accordingly. (Added58 of 1977 s. 2) [cf. 1973 c. 13 s. 7 (2) U. K.] (Amended 59 of 1989 s.20)

PART I FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT

Contract of sale3. Sale and agreement to sell(1) A contract of sale of goods is a contract whereby the seller transfersor agrees to transfer the property in goods to the buyer for a moneyconsideration, called the price. There may be a contract of sale betweenone part owner and another.(2) Acontract of sale may be absolute or conditional.(3) Where under a contract of sale the property in the goods istransferred from the seller tothe buyer, the contract is called a sale;but where the transfer of the property in the goods is to take place at afuture time or subject to some condition thereafter to be fulfilled, thecontract is called an agreement to sell.(4) An agreement to sell becomes a sale when the time elapses or theconditions are fulfilled subject to which the property in the goods is tobe transferred.4. Capacity to buy and sell(1) Capacity to buy and sell is regulated by the general law concerningcapacity to contract, and to transfer and acquire property:Provided that where necessaries are sold and delivered toan infant orminor, or to a person who, by reason of mental incapacity or drunkenness,is incompetent to contract, he must pay a reasonable price therefor.(2) In this section, "necessaries" means goods suitable to the conditionin life of such infant or minor or other person, and to his actualrequirements at the time of the sale and delivery.Formalities of contract5. Mode of making contract of saleSubject to the provisions of this Ordinance andof any enactment in thatbehalf, a contract of sale may be made in writing (either with or withoutseal), or by word of mouth, or partly in writing and partly by word ofmouth, or may be implied from the conduct of the parties:Provided that nothing in this section shall affect the law relating tocorporations.6. (Repealed 58 of 1977 s. 3)Subject-matter of contract7. Existing or future goods(1) The goods which form the subject of a contract of salemay be eitherexisting goods, owned or possessed by the seller, or goods to bemanufactured or acquired by the seller after the making of the contract ofsale, in this Ordinance called "future goods".(2) There may be a contract for the sale of goods, the acquisition ofwhich by the seller depends upon a contingency which may or may nothappen.(3) Where by a contract of sale the seller purports to effect a presentsale of future goods, the contract operates as an agreement to sell thegoods.8. Goods which have perishedWhere there is a contract for the sale of specific goods, and the goods,without the knowledge of the seller, have perished at the time when thecontract is made, the contract is void.9. Goods perishing before sale but after agreement to sellWhere there is an agreement to sell specific goods, and subsequently thegoods, without any fault on the part of theseller or buyer, perish beforethe risk passes to the buyer, the agreement is thereby avoided.Price

10. Ascertainment of price(1) The price in a contract of sale may be fixed by the contract, or maybe left to be fixed in manner thereby agreed, or may be determined by thecourse of dealing between the parties.(2) Where the price is not determined in accordance with the foregoingprovisions, the buyer must pay a reasonable price. What is a reasonableprice is a question of fact dependent on the circumstances of eachparticular case.11. Agreement to sell at valuation(1) Where there is an agreement to sell goods on the terms that the priceis to be fixed by the valuation of a third party, and such third partycannot or does not make such valuation, the agreement is avoided:Provided that if the goods or any part thereof have been delivered to andappropriated by the buyer, he must pay a reasonable price therefor.(2) Where such third party is prevented from making the valuation by thefault of the seller or buyer, the party not in fault may maintain anaction for damages against the party in fault.Conditions and warranties12. Stipulations as to time(1) Unless a different intention appears from the terms of the contract,stipulations as to time of payment are not deemed to be of the essence ofa contract of sale. Whether any other stipulation as to time is of theessence of the contract or not depends on the terms of the contract.(2) In a contract of sale, "month" means prima facie calendar month.13. When condition to be treated as warranty(1) Where a contract of sale is subject to any condition to be fulfilledby the seller, the buyer may waive the condition, or may elect to treatthe breach of such condition as a breach of warranty, and not as a groundfor treating the contract as repudiated.(2) Whether a stipulation in a contract of sale is a condition, the breachof which may give rise to a right to treat the contract as repudiated, ora warranty, the breach of which may give rise to a claim for damages butnot a right to reject the goods and treat the contract. as repudiated,depends in each case on the construction. of the contract. A stipulationmay be a condition, though called a warranty in the contract.(3) Where a contract of sale is not severable, and the buyer has acceptedthe goods or part thereof, the brach of any condition to be fulfilled bythe seller can only be treated as a breach of warranty, and not as aground for rejecting the goods and treating the contract as repudiated,unless there is a term of the contract, express or implied, to thateffect. (Amended 47 of 1969 s. 5)(4) Nothing in this section shall affect the case of any condition orwarranty, fulfillment of which is excused by law by reason ofimpossibility or otherwise.

14. Implied undertaking as to title etc.(1) In every contract of sale, other than one to which subsection(2) applies, there is--(a) an implied condition on the part of the seller that in the case of thesale, he has a right to sell the goods, and in the case of an agreement tosell, he will have a right to sell the goods at the time when the propertyis to pass; and(b) an implied warranty that the goods are free, and will remain freeuntil the time when the property is to pass, from any charge orencumbrance not disclosed or known to the buyer before the contract ismade and that the buyer will enjoy quiet possession of the goods except sofar as it may be disturbed by the owner or other person entitled to thebenefit of any charge or encumbrance so disclosed or known.(2) In a contract of sale, in the case of which there appears from thecontract or is to be inferred from the circumstances of the contract anintention that the seller should transfer only such title as he or a thirdperson may have, there is--(a) an implied warranty that all charges or encumbrances known to theseller and not known to the buyer have been disclosed to the buyer beforethe contract is made; and(b) an implied warranty that neither--(i) the seller; nor(ii) in a case where the parties to the contract intend that the sellershould transfer only such title as a third person may have, that person;nor(iii) anyone claiming through or under the seller or that third personotherwise than under a charge or encumbrance disclosed or known to thebuyer before the contract is made, will disturb the buyer's quietpossession of the goods.(Replaced 58 of 1977 s. 4)[cf. 1973 c. 3. s. 1 U. K.]15. Sale by description(1) Where there is a contract for the sale of goods by description, thereis an implied condition that the goods shall correspond with thedescription; and if the sale is by sample, as well as by description, itis not sufficient that the bulk of the goods corresponds with the sampleif the goods do not also correspond with the description.(2) A sale of goods shall not beprevented from being a sale bydescription by reason only that, being exposed for sale or hire, they areselected by the buyer.(Added 58 of 1977 s. 5) [cf. 1973 c. 13 s. 2 U. K.]

16. Implied undertakings as to quality or fitness(1) Except as provided by this section, and section 17, and subject to theprovisions of any other enactment, there is no implied condition orwarranty as to the quality or fitness for any particular purpose of goodssupplied under a contract ofsale.(2) Where the seller sells goods in the course of a business, there is animplied condition that the goods supplied under the contract are ofmerchantable quality, except that there is no such condition--(a) as regards defects specifically drawn to the buyer's attention beforethe contract is made; or(b) if the buyer examines the goods before the contract is made, asregards defects which that examination ought to reveal.(3) Where the seller sells goods in the course of a business and thebuyer, expressly or by implication, makes known to the seller anyparticular purpose for which the goods are being bought, there is animplied condition that the goods supplied under the contract arereasonably fit for that purpose, whether or not that is a purpose forwhich such goods are commonly supplied, except where the circumstancesshow that the buyer doesnot rely, or that it is unreasonable for him torely, on the seller's skill or judgment.(4) An implied condition or warranty as to quality or fitness for aparticular purpose may be annexed to a contract of sale by usage.(5) Subsections (1), (2), (3) and (4) apply to a sale by a person who inthecourse of a business is acting as agent for another as they apply to asale by a principal in the course of a business, except where that otheris not selling in the course of a business and either the buyer knows thatfact or reasonable steps are taken to bring it to the notice of the buyerbefore the contract is made.(6) In the application of subsection (3) to an agreement for the sale ofgoods under which the purchase price or part of it is payable byinstalments any reference to the seller shall include a reference to theperson by whom any antecedent negotiations are conducted.(7) In subsection (6) "antecedent negotiations" means any negotiations orarrangements with the buyer whereby he was induced to make the agreementor which otherwise promoted the transaction to which the agreementrelates.(Replaced 58 of 1977 s. 6)[cf. 1973 c. 13 s. 3 U. K.]Sale by sample17. Sale by sample(1)A contract of sale is a contract for sale by sample where there is aterm in the contract, express or implied, to that effect.(2) In the case of a contract for sale by sample--(a) there is an implied condition that the bulk shall correspond with thesample in quality;(b) there is an implied condition that the buyer shall have a reasonableopportunity of comparing the bulk with the sample;(c) there is an implied condition that the goods shall be free from anydefect, rendering them unmerchantable, which would not be apparent onreasonable examination of the sample.

PART II EFFECTS OF THE CONTRACT

Transfer of property as between seller and buyer18. Goods must be ascertainedWhere there is a contract for the sale of unascertained goods no propertyin the goods is transferred to the buyer unless and until the goods areascertained.19. Property passes when intended to pass(1) Where there is a contract for the sale of specific or ascertainedgoods, the property in them is transferred to the buyer at such time asthe parties to the contract intend it to be transferred.(2) For the purpose of ascertaining the intention of the parties, regardshall be had to the terms of the contract, the conduct of the parties, andthe circumstances of the case.20. Rules for ascertaining intentionUnless a different intention appears, the following are rules forascertaining the intention of the parties as to the time at which theproperty in the goods is to pass to the buyer--Rule 1. Where there is an unconditional contract for the sale of specificgoods in a deliverable state, the property in the goods passes to thebuyer when the contract is made, and it is immaterial whether the time ofpayment or the time of delivery, or both, be postponed.Rule 2. Where there is a contract for the sale of specific goods and theseller is bound to do something to the goods, for the purpose of puttingthem into a deliverable state, the property does not pass until such thingbe done, and the buyer has notice thereof.Rule 3. Where there is a contract for the sale of specific goods in adeliverable state, but the seller is bound to weigh, measure, test, or dosome other act or thing with reference to the goods for the purpose ofascertaining the price, the property does not pass until such act or thingbe done, and the buyer has notice thereof.Rule 4. When goods are delivered to the buyer on approval or "on sale orreturn" or other similar terms, the property therein passes to the buyer--(a) when he signifies his approval or acceptance to theseller or does anyother act adopting the transaction;(b) if he does not signify his approval or acceptance to the seller butretains the goods withoutgiving notice of rejection, then, if a time hasbeen fixed for the return of the goods, on the expiration of such time,and if no time has been fixed,on the expiration of a reasonable time.What is a reasonable time is a question of fact.Rule 5.(1) Where there is a contract for the sale of unascertained or futuregoods by description, and goods of that description, and in a deliverablestate, are unconditionally appropriated to the contract, either by theseller with the assent of the buyer, or by the buyer with the assent ofthe seller, the property in the goods thereupon passes to the buyer. Suchassent may be express or implied, and may be given either before or afterthe appropriation is made.(2) Where, in pursuance of the contract, the seller delivers the goods tothe buyer or to a carrier or other bailee (whether named by the buyer ornot) for the purpose of transmission to the buyer, and does not reservethe right of disposal, he is deemed to have unconditionally appropriatedthe goods to the contract.

21. Reservation of right of disposal(1) Where there is a contract for the sale of specific goods, or wheregoods are subsequently appropriated to the contract, the seller may, bythe terms of the contract or appropriation, reserve the right of disposalof the goods until certain conditionsare fulfilled. In such case,notwithstanding the delivery of the goods to the buyer, or to a carrier orother bailee for the purpose of transmission to the buyer, the property inthe goods does not pass to the buyer until the conditions imposed by theseller are fulfilled.(2) Where goods are shipped, and by the bill of lading the goods aredeliverable to the order of the seller or his agent, the seller is primafacie deemed to reserve the right of disposal.(3) Where the seller of goods draws on the buyer for the price, andtransmits the bill of exchange and bill of lading to the buyer together tosecure acceptance or payment of the bill of exchange, the buyer is boundto return the bill of lading if he does not honour the bill of exchange,and if he wrongfully retains the bill of lading the property in the goodsdoes not pass to him.22. Risk prima facie passes with propertyUnless otherwiseagreed, the goods remain at the seller's risk until theproperty therein is transferred to the buyer, but when the propertytherein is transferred to the buyer the goods are at the buyer's risk,whether delivery has been made or not: Provided that where delivery hasbeen delayed through the fault of either seller or buyer, the goods are atthe risk of the party in fault as regards any loss which might not haveoccurred but for such fault:Provided, also, that nothing in this section shall affect the duties orliabilities of either seller or buyer as a bailee of the goods of theother party.Transfer of title23. Sale by person not owner(1) Subject to the provisions of this Ordinance, where goods are sold by aperson who is not the owner thereof, and who does not sell them under theauthority or with the consent of the owner, the buyer acquires no bettertitle to the goods than the seller had, unless the owner of the goods isby his conduct precluded from denying the seller's authority to sell.(2) Provided, also, that nothing in this Ordinance shall affect--(a) the provisions of the Factors Ordinance (Cap. 48), or any enactmentenabling the apparent owner of goods to dispose ofthem as if he were thetrue owner thereof; or (Amended 8 of 1912 s. 47)(b) the validity of any contract of sale under any special common law orstatutory power of sale or under the order of a court of competentjurisdiction.24. Market overt(1) Where goods are openly sold in a shop or market in the Colony, in theordinary course of the business of such shop or market, the buyer acquiresa good title to the goods, provided he buys them in good faithand withoutnotice of any defect or want of title on the part of the seller.(2) (Repealed 58 of 1977 s. 7)25. Sale under voidable titleWhen the seller ofgoods has a voidable title thereto, but his title hasnot been avoided at the time of the sale, the buyer acquires a good titleto the goods, provided he buys them in good faith and without notice ofthe seller's defect of title.

26. (Repealed 21 of 1970 s. 35)27. Seller or buyer in possession after sale(1) Where a person having sold goods continues or is in possession of thegoods, or of the documents of title to the goods, the delivery or transferby that person, or by a mercantile agent acting for him, of the goods ordocuments of title, under any sale, pledge, or other disposition thereof,to any person receiving the same in good faith and without notice of theprevious sale, shall have the same effect as if the person making thedelivery or transfer were expressly authorized by the owner of the goodsto make the same.(2) Where a person having bought or agreed to buy goods obtains, with theconsent of the seller, possession of the goods or the documents of titleto the goods, the delivery or transfer by that person, or by a mercantileagent acting for him, of the goods or documents of title, under any sale,pledge, or other disposition there-of, to any person receiving the same ingood faith and without notice of any lien or other right of the originalseller in respect of the goods, shall have the same effect as if theperson making the delivery or transfer were a mercantile agent inpossession of the goods or documents of title with the consent of theowner.(3) In this section, "mercantile agent" has the same meaning as in theFactors Ordinance (Cap. 48). (Amended 8 of 1912 s. 47; 5 of 1924 s. 13)28. (Repealed 52 of 1987 s. 45)PART III PERFORMANCE OF THE CONTRACT29. Duties of seller and buyerIt is the duty of the seller to deliver the goods, and of the buyer toaccept and pay for them, in accordance with the terms of the contract ofsale.30. Payment and delivery are concurrent conditionsUnless otherwise agreed, delivery of the goods and payment of the priceare concurrent conditions, that is to say, the seller must be ready andwilling to give possession of the goods to the buyer in exchange for theprice, and the buyer must be ready and willing to pay the price inexchange for possession of the goods.31. Rules as to delivery(1) Whether it is for the buyer to take possession of the goods or for theseller to send them to the buyer is a question depending in each case onthe contract, express or implied, between the parties. Apart from any suchcontract, express or implied, the place of delivery is the seller's placeof business, if he has one, and if not, his residence:Provided that, if the contract is for the sale of specific goods, which,to the knowledge of the parties when the contract is made, are in someother place,then that place is the place of delivery.(2) Where under the contract of sale the seller is bound to send the goodsto the buyer, but no time for sendingthem is fixed, the seller is boundto send them within a reasonable time.(3) Where the goods at the time of sale are in the possession of a thirdperson, there is no delivery by seller to buyer unless and until suchthird person acknowledges to the buyer that he holds the goods on hisbehalf:Provided that nothing in this section shall affect the operation of theissue or transfer of any document of title to goods.(4) Demand or tender of delivery may be treated as ineffectual unless madeat a reasonable hour. What is a reasonable hour is a question of fact.(5) Unless otherwise agreed, the expenses of and incidental to putting thegoods into a deliverable state must be borne by the seller.

32. Delivery of wrong quantity(1) Where the seller delivers to the buyer a quantity of goods less thanhe contracted to sell, the buyer may reject them, but if the buyer acceptsthe goods so delivered, he must pay for them at the contract rate.(2) Where the seller delivers to the buyer a quantity of goods larger thanhe contracted to sell, the buyer may accept the goods included in thecontract and reject the rest, or he may reject the whole. If the buyeraccepts the whole of the goods so delivered he must pay for them at thecontract rate.(3) Where the seller delivers to the buyer the goods he contracted to sellmixed with goods of a different description not included in the contractthe buyer may accept the goods which are in accordance with the contractand reject the rest, or he may reject whole.(4) The provisions of this section are subject to any usage of trade,special agreement, or course of dealing between the parties.33. Delivery by instalments(1) Unless otherwise agreed, the buyer of goods is not bound to acceptdelivery thereof by instalments.(2) Where there is a contract for the sale of goods to be delivered bystated instalments, which are to be separately paid for, and the sellermakes defective deliveries in respect of one or more instalments, or thebuyer neglects or refuses to take delivery of or pay for one or moreinstalments, it is a question in each case depending on the terms of thecontract and the circumstances of the case, whether the breach of contractis a repudiation of the whole contract or whether it is a severable breachgiving rise to a claim for compensation but not to a right to treat thewhole contract as repudiated.34. Delivery to carrier(1) Where, in pursuance of a contract of sale, the seller is authorized orrequired to send the goods to the buyer, delivery of the goods to acarrier, whether named by the buyer or not, for the purpose oftransmission to the buyer is prima facie deemed to be a delivery of thegoods to the buyer.(2) Unless otherwise authorized by the buyer, the seller must make suchcontract with the carrier on behalf of the buyer as may be reasonablehaving regard to the nature of the goods and the other circumstances ofthe case. If the seller omits to do so, and the goods are lost or damagedin course of transit, the buyer may decline to treat the delivery to thecarrier as a delivery to himself, or may hold the seller responsible indamages.(3) Unless otherwise agreed, where goods are sent by the seller to thebuyer by a route involving sea transit, in circumstances in which it isusual to insure, the seller must give such notice to the buyer as mayenable him to insure them during their sea transit, and, if the sellerfails to do so, the goods shall be deemed to be at his risk during suchsea transit.35. Risk where goods are delivered at distant placeWhere the seller of goods agrees to deliver them at his own risk at aplace other than that where they are whensold, the buyer must,nevertheless, unless otherwise agreed, take any risk of deterioration inthe goods necessarily incident to the course of transit.

36. Buyer's right of examining(1) Where goods are delivered to the buyer, which he has not previouslyexamined, he is not deemed to have accepted them unless and until he hashad a reasonable opportunity of examining them for the purpose ofascertaining whether they are in conformity with the contract.(2) Unless otherwise agreed, when the seller tenders delivery of goods tothe buyer, he bound, on request, to afford the buyer a reasonableopportunity of examining the goods for the purpose of ascertaining whetherthey are in conformity with the contract.37. Acceptance of goodsThe buyer is deemed to have accepted the goods when he intimates to theseller that he has accepted them, or (except where section 36 otherwiseprovides) when the goods have been delivered to him, and he does any actin relation to them which is inconsistent with the ownership of theseller, or whenafter the lapse of a reasonable time, he retains the goodswithout intimating to the seller that he has rejected them. (Amended 47of 1969 s. 5)38. Buyer not bound to return rejected goodsUnless otherwise agreed, where goods are delivered to the buyer, and herefuses to accept them, having the right to do so, he is not bound toreturn them to the seller, but it is sufficient if he intimates to theseller that he refuses to accept them.39. Liability of buyer for neglecting or refusing to take delivery ofgoods When the seller is ready and willing to deliver the goods andrequests the buyer to take delivery, and the buyer does not within areasonable time after such request take delivery of the goods, he isliable to the seller for any loss occasioned by his neglect or refusal totake delivery, and also for a reasonable charge for the care and custodyof the goods:Provided that nothing in this section shall affect the rights of theseller where the neglect or refusal of the buyer to take delivery amountsto a repudiationof the contract.

PART IV RIGHTS OF UNPAID SELLER AGAINST THE GOODS

40. Definition of unpaid seller(1) The seller of goods is deemed to be an unpaid seller within themeaning of this Ordinance--(a) when the whole of the price has not been paid or tendered;(b) when a bill of exchange or other negotiable instrument has beenreceived as conditional payment, and the condition on which it wasreceived has not been fulfilled by reason of the dishonour of theinstrument or otherwise.(2) In this Part, "seller" includes any person who is in the position of aseller, as, for instance, an agent of the seller to whom the bill oflading has been indorsed, or a consignor or agent who has himself paid, oris directly responsible for, the price. (Amended 5 of 1924 s. 13)41. Unpaid seller's rightsSubject to the provisions of this Ordinance and of any enactment in thatbehalf, notwithstanding that the property in the goods may have passed tothe buyer, the unpaid seller of goods as such, has by implication of law--(a) a lien on the goods or right to retain them for the price while he isin possession of them;(b) in case of the insolvency of the buyer, a right of stopping the goodsin transitu after he has parted with the possession of them;(c) a rightof resale as limited by this Ordinance.

42. Withholding deliveryWhere the property in goods has not passed to the buyer, the unpaid sellerhas, in addition to his other remedies, a rightof withholding deliverysimilar to and co-extensive with his rights of lien and stoppage intransitu where the property has passed to the buyer.Unpaid seller's lien43. Unpaid seller's lien(1) Subject to the provisions of this Ordinance, the unpaid seller ofgoods who is in possession of them is entitled to retain possession ofthem until payment or tender of the price in the following cases, namely--(a) where the goods have been sold without any stipulation as to credit;(b) where the goods have been sold on credit, but the term of credit hasexpired;(c) where the buyer becomes insolvent.(2) The seller may exercise his right of lien notwithstanding that he isin possession of the goods as agent or bailee for the buyer.44. Part deliveryWhere an unpaid seller has made part delivery of the goods, he mayexercise his right of lien or retention on the remainder, unless such partdelivery has been made in such circumstances as to show an agreement towaive the lien or right of retention.45. Termination of lien(1) The unpaid seller of goods loses his lien or right of retentionthereon--(a) when he delivers the goods to a carrier or other bailee for thepurpose of transmission to the buyer, without reserving the right ofdisposal of the goods;(b) when the buyer or his agent lawfully obtains possession of the goods;(c) by waiver thereof.(2) The unpaid seller of goods, having a lien or right of retentionthereon, does not lose his lien or right of retention by reason only thathe has obtained judgment for the price of the goods.Stoppage in transitu46. Right of stoppage in transituSubject to the provisions of this ordinance, when the buyer of goodsbecomes insolvent, the unpaid seller who has parted with the possession ofthe goods has the right of stopping them in transitu, that is to say, hemay resume possession of the goods as long as they are in course oftransit, and may retain them until payment or tender of the price.

47. Duration of transit(1) Goods are deemed to be in course of transit from the time when theyare delivered to a carrier by land or water, or other bailee for thepurpose of transmission to the buyer, until the buyer, or his agent inthat behalf, takes delivery of them from such carrier or other bailee.(2) If the buyer or his agent in that behalf obtains delivery of the goodsbefore their arrival at the appointed destination, the transitis at anend.(3) If, after the arrival of the goods at the appointed destination, thecarrieror other bailee acknowledges to the buyer, or his agent, that heholds the goods on his behalf and continues in possession of them asbailee for the buyer or his agent, the transit is at an end, and it isimmaterial that a further destination for the goods may have beenindicated by the buyer.(4) If the goods are rejected by the buyer, and the carrier or otherbailee continues in possession of them, the transit is not deemed to be atan end, even if the seller has refused to receive them back.(5) When goods are delivered to a ship chartered by the buyer, it is aquestion depending on the circumstances of the particular case whetherthey are in the possession of the master as a carrier, or as agent to thebuyer.(6) Where the carrier or other bailee wrongfully refuses to deliver thegoods to the buyer or his agent in that behalf, the transit is deemed tobe at an end.(7) Where part delivery of the goods has been made to the buyeror hisagent in that behalf, the remainder of the goods may be stopped intransitu, unless such part delivery has been made in such circumstancesasto show an agreement to give up possession of the whole of the goods.48. How stoppage in transitu is effected(1) The unpaid seller may exercise his right of stopping in transitueither by taking actual possession of the goods or by giving notice of hisclaim to the carrier or other bailee in whose possession the goods are.Such notice may be given either to the person in actual possession of thegoods or to his principal. In the latter case the notice, to be effectual,must be given at such time and in such circumstances that the principal,by the exercise of reasonable diligence, may communicate itto his servantor agent in time to prevent a delivery to the buyer.(2) When notice of stoppage in transitu is given by the seller to thecarrier or other in possession of the goods, he must re-deliver the goodsto, or according to the directions of, the seller. The expenses of suchre-delivery must be borne by the seller.Resale by buyer or seller

49. Effect of subsale or pledge by buyerSubject to the provisions of this Ordinance, the unpaid seller's right oflien or retention or stoppage intransitu is not affected by any sale orother disposition of the goods which the buyer may have made, unless theseller has assented thereto:Provided that where a document of title to goods has been lawfullytransferred to any person as buyer or owner of the goods, and that persontransfers the document to a person who takes the document in good faithand for valuable consideration, then, if such last-mentioned transfer wasby way of sale, theunpaid seller's right of lien of lien or retention orstoppage in transitu is defeated, and if such last mentioned transfer wasby way of pledge or other disposition for value, the unpaid seller's rightof lien or retention or stoppage in transitu can only be exercised subjectto the rights of the transferee.50. Sale not generally rescinded by lien or stoppage in transitu(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, a contract of sale is notrescinded bythe mere exercise by an unpaid seller of his right of lien orretention or stoppage in transitu.(2) Where an unpaid seller who has exercised his right of lien orretention or stoppage in transitu resells the goods, the buyer acquires agood title thereto as against the original buyer.(3) Where thegoods are of a perishable nature, or where the unpaid sellergives notice to the buyer of his intention to resell, and the buyer doesnot within a reasonable time pay or tender the price, the unpaid sellermay resell the goods and recover from the original buyer damages for anyloss occasioned by his breach of contract.(4) Where the seller expressly reserves a right of resale in case thebuyer should make default, and on the buyer making default, resells thegoods, the original contract of sale is thereby rescinded, but without prejudice to any claim the seller may have for damages.

PART V ACTIONS FOR BREACH OF THE CONTRACT

Remedies of seller51. Action for price(1) Where, under a contract of sale, the property in the goods has passedto the buyer, and the buyer wrongfully neglects or refuses to pay for thegoods according to the terms of the contract, the seller may maintain anaction against him for the price of thegoods.(2) Where, under a contract of sale, the price is payable on a day certainirrespective of delivery, and the buyer wrongfully neglects or refuses topay such price, the seller may maintain an action for the price, althoughthe property in the goods has not passed, and the goods have not beenappropriated to the contract.

52. Damages for non-acceptance(1) Where the buyer wrongfully neglects or refuses to accept and pay forthe goods, the seller may maintain an action against him for damages fornonacceptance.(2) The measure of damages is the estimated loss directly and naturallyresulting, in the ordinary courseof events, from the buyer's breach ofcontract.(3) Where there is an available market for the goods in question, themeasure of damages is prima facie to be ascertained by the differencebetween the contract price and the market or current price at the time ortimes when the goods ought to havebeen accepted, or, if no time was fixedfor acceptance, then at the time of the neglect or refusal to accept.Remedies of buyer53. Damages for non-delivery(1) Where the seller wrongfully neglects or refuses to deliver the goodsto the buyer, the buyer may maintain an action against the seller fordamages for non-delivery.(2) The measure of damages is the estimated loss directly and naturallyresulting, in the ordinary course of events, from the seller's breach ofcontract.(3) Where there is an available market for the goods in question, themeasure of damages is prima facie to be ascertainedby the differencebetween the contract price and the market or current price of the goods atthe time or times when they ought to have been delivered, or, if no timewas fixed for delivery, then at the time of the neglect or refusal todeliver.54. Specific performanceIn any action for breach of contract to deliver specific or ascertainedgoods, the court may, if it thinks fit, on the application of theplaintiff, by its judgment direct that the contract shall be performedspecifically, without giving the defendant the option of retaining thegoods on payment of damages. The judgment may be unconditional, or on suchterms and conditions as to damages, payment of the price, and otherwise,as to the court may seem just. The application by the plaintiff may bemade at any time before judgment.55. Remedies for breach of warranty(1) Where there is a breach of warranty by the seller, or where the buyerelects, or is compelled, to treat any breach of a condition on the part ofthe seller as a breach of warranty, the buyer is not, by reason only ofsuch breach of warranty, entitled to reject the goods; but he may--(a) set up against the seller the breach of warranty in diminution orextinction of the price; or(b) maintain an action against the seller for damages for the breach ofwarranty.(2) The measure of damages for breachof warranty is the estimated lossdirectly and naturally resulting, in the ordinary course of events, fromthe breach of warranty.(3) In the case of breach of warranty of quality, such loss is prima faciethe difference between the value of the goods at the time of delivery tothe buyer and the value they would have had if they had answered to thewarranty.(4) The fact that the buyer has set up the breach of warranty indiminution or extinction of the price does not prevent him frommaintaining an action for the same breach of warranty if he has sufferedfurther damage.

56. Interest and special damagesNothing in this Ordinance shall affect the right of the buyer or theseller to recover interest or special damages in any case where by lawinterest or special damages may be recoverable, or to recover money paidwhere the consideration for the payment of ithas failed.

PART VI SUPPLEMENTARY

57. Exclusion of implied terms and conditions(1) Where any right, duty or liability would arise under a contract ofsale of goods by implication of law, it may (subject to the Control ofExemption Clauses Ordinance (Cap. 71)) be negatived or varied by expressagreement, or by the course of dealing between the parties, or by usage ifthe usage is such as to bind both parties to the contract. (Amended 59 of1989 s. 20)(2) An express condition or warranty does not negative a condition orwarranty implied by this Ordinance unless inconsistent therewith.(3) - (11) (Repealed 59 of 1989 s. 20)(Replaced 58 of 1977 s. 8)[cf. 1973 c. 13 s. 4 U. K.]57A. (Repealed 59 of 1989 s. 20)58. Reasonable time a question of factWhere, by this Ordinance, any reference is made to a reasonable time, thequestion what is a reasonable time is question of fact.59. Right, etc., enforceable by actionWhere any right, duty, or liability is declared by this Ordinance, it may,unless otherwise provided by this Ordinance, be enforced by action.60. Auction saleIn the case ofa sale by auction--(a) where goods are put up for sale by auction in lots, each lot is primafacie deemed to be the subject of a separate contract of sale;(b) a sale by auction is complete when the auctioneer announces itscompletion by the fall of the hammer, or in other customary manner. Untilsuch announcement is made any bidder may retract his bid;(c) where a sale by auction is not notified to be subject to a right tobid on behalf of the seller, it shall not be lawful for the seller to bidhimself or to employ any person to bid at such sale, or for the auctioneerknowingly to take any bid from the seller or any such person. Any salecontravening this rule may be treated as fraudulent by the buyer;(d) a sale by auction may be notified to besubject to a reserve or upsetprice, and a right to bid may also be reserved expressly by or on behalfof the seller.61. Reservation of right to bidWhere a right to bid is expressly reserved, but not otherwise, the seller,or any one person on his behalf, may bid at the auction.

62. Saving(1) The rules in bankruptcy relating to contracts of sale shall continueto apply thereto, notwithstanding anything in this Ordinance.(2) The rules of the common law, including the law merchant, save in sofar as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of thisOrdinance, and in particular the rules relating to the law of principaland agent, and the effect of fraud, misrepresentation, duress or coercion,mistake, orother invalidating cause, shall continue to apply to contractsfor the sale of goods.(3) Nothing in this Ordinance or in any repeal effected therebyshallaffect the enactments relating to bills of sale, or any enactment relatingto the sale of goods which is not expressly repealed by this Ordinance.(4) The provisions of this Ordinance relating to contracts of sale do notapply to any transaction in the form of a contract of sale which isintended to operate by way of mortgage, pledge, charge, or other security.(5) (Repealed 59 of 1989 s. 20)(6) The amendments of this Ordinance made by the Sale of Goods (Amendment)Ordinance 1977 (58 of 1977) shall not apply to contracts to which thisOrdinance applies which were entered into prior to the date ofcommencement of that Ordinance; and all such contracts shall continue tobe governed by the provisions of this Ordinance in operation immediatelyprior to the date of commencement of the Sale of Goods (Amendment)Ordinance 1977 (58 of 1977). (Added 58 of 1977 s. 10)